I. A Policy For Discriminated Groups. Essay - 1,275 words

I. A policy for discriminated groups. II. Affirmative actions Historical background; The Supreme Courts treatment; Affirmative action plan; DVAAP; Programs based on race; Problems. III. Results of Affirmative actions: 1.opponents point of view; 2.propponents point of view In Defence of Affirmative Action Affirmative action has been created as a policy with the purpose to increase the opportunities for usually discriminated groups that are characterized by race, gender or physical disability. Affirmative action usually focuses on education, employment, government contracts, health care, or social welfare. The programs of affirmative action have been upheld as a remedy for past injustice.


Affirmative action began forty years ago. In 1964 - 1965, President Johnson came to the thought that it was not enough to remove legal barriers confronting minorities. It was needed to take affirmative action to help them overcome decades of prior discrimination. So, on September 24, 1965, he issued an executive order to take affirmative action to recruit, higher and promote more racial minorities. Two years later Johnson added women to the groups covered by previous antidiscrimination. Under the Constitution discrimination is an action or behavior that limits an individuals or groups right to their opportunities in housing, jobs, education or participation in an organization.


So, all discriminations, whether it is discrimination on race or on gender, are an action addressed to elimination of an individuals or groups right. The Supreme Courts treatment appeared at that time when people began to understand their equal rights in the world. The most wildly discussed cases were about racial and sex discrimination. In 1999, nine cases were sent to the Supreme Court. All of them related to labor and employment law. Those cases were about employee benefits, civil rights and discrimination.


A lot of affirmative action programs were upheld by the Court. They were created with the purpose to abolish discriminatory employment practices without creating quotas. The Supreme Court doctrine on affirmative action pointed that the program should serve a governmental interest. These requirements were added to Proposition 209, passed by voters in 1996 to end racial and gender preferences in State employment, education, and contracting. The programs that the Supreme Court confirmed identified discrimination and were applied without regard to race- or gender-based preferences, according to the Court. One of those programs said that State agencies should determine areas of State employment where women and minorities were not being fully utilized and to identify measures for increasing their utilization.


The measures were taken to meet the requirement that a remedy was a "specific act" of discrimination. The Court also upheld that the method of estimating the progress in equalizing employment opportunities was a narrowly tailored means serving a compelling government interest. Most of all it was pointed by the Court that Proposition 209 did not prohibit using racial or gender-based criteria applied without discriminatory or preferential intent. Each Affirmative action plan has Statement of its Policy. As usual, it is pointed that an agency or a department will not discriminate against any employee or applicant including those with physical or mental disability or veteran status. System Offices are responsible for the specific and results-oriented procedures that have been established by Affirmative Action Plan. Affirmative Action Plan is the policy to ensure equal employment opportunity for all persons. They are responsible for affirmative action to employ, advance in employment for those people taking into account such employment practices as promotion; demotion; transfer; lay-off or termination; compensation; and selection for training. The Director of Human Resource Services coordinates all System Offices affirmative action programs. Since the time of the Civil War, Veterans of the Armed Forces have been given some preference in appointments to jobs.


Congress passed some laws to protect disabled veterans seeking employment from being refused because of the time spent in military service. Disabled veterans are those who have physical or mental injuries that lim ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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Essay Tags: affirmative action, affirmative, supreme court, action plan, action program

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